写到了这一题,然后在理解了题目之后,发现和选项及答案的理解思路有不同。于是引起了自己的注意。
自己原有的一套逻辑,脑回路和主流不大一样,这是自己很久之前就注意到了的。所以,在吸收主流逻辑上需要很慎重但仍要积极。(想起在Vulfson的课上,看两只猴子的照片来判断年长或年幼。)
题目,按照句子分开是:
Psychologists have discovered a technique for replacing one’s nightmares with pleasant dreams, and have successfully taught it to adults suffering from chronic nightmares. Studies have found that nightmare-prone children are especially likely to suffer from nightmares as adults. Thus, psychologists should direct effort toward identifying nightmare-prone children so that these children could be taught the technique for replacing their nightmares with pleasant dreams.
(题外话,在敲入上部分字的时候,发现自己几乎是需要逐字逐句地写。做不到读完一句话,然后再在脑子里复述一句话这样把它完整录入。和阅读习惯或有关系。那么,是否可以用这种抄写方式,来锻炼自己整句阅读的能力?)
先按下不表。
先分析自己的看题思路:
Psychologists have discovered a technique for replacing one’s nightmares with pleasant dreams, and have successfully taught it to adults suffering from chronic nightmares.
首先第一句话,把背景,现象和一个立场都阐述出来。表示:针对N问题,A方法被肯定地适用于X上。
Studies have found that nightmare-prone children are especially likely to suffer from nightmares as adults.
第二句话,X上出现的N问题,被发现高度相似于Y上。
Thus, psychologists should direct effort toward identifying nightmare-prone children so that these children could be taught the technique for replacing their nightmares with pleasant dreams.
第三句话,在Y群体中,N问题应该被积极挖掘,并用A方法进行适用。
读完这三句话,我本人的思路建立为:
有两个不同的群体:X,Y。产生共同问题N
那么,A方法对XY之间的普适性,是一个讨论点(A能对Y有效果吗);对待Y群体中的N问题,所采取的态度,是一个点(高度相似所以需要积极挖掘确认?)
题干部分入上。问题:
which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify drawing the conclusion in Bethany’s argument?
A)Psychologists should make an effort to determine why certain children are especially prone to nightmares while other children are not
B)Any psychological technique that can be successfully taught to children can also be successfully taught to an adult
C)psychologists should do everything they can to minimize the number of adults troubled by chronic nightmares.
D)Identifying nightmare-prone children is generally more difficult than teaching adults the technique for replacing nightmares with pleasant dreams.
E)psychologists should not teach the technique for replacing nightmares with pleasant dreams to children who are unlikely to suffer from nightmares as adults.
(敲字的时候发现的确思维方式非常碎片化,这很可能与自己有时候思维不够集中也有一定的关系。如何能把成点状的思维编成线性组装起来,这很重要。)
下面来一个一个看一下选项。然后破了选项之后,回头看一下答案的思路和逻辑。
A)Psychologists should make an effort to determine why certain children are especially prone to nightmares while other children are not.
这个选项点出了之前问题中的一个,即:针对群体Y而采取的措施这一个行为。但是,这个选项集中在了距离原论题更远的一层关系上,即:为什么部分孩子有这个现象。而不是:为什么应该要积极对这部分孩子做这样的努力。
我认为这个命题选择这个角度来设计答案的思路,本身其实是很严谨的,这个错误答案的设计,其实也是很用心的。
B)Any psychological technique that can be successfully taught to children can also be successfully taught to an adult
这个选项其实也选择了一个原命题里很重要的一个角度。即,为什么对群体X的方法可以适用于群体Y。然而,这里,为了让它成为一个错误选项,因此在集合论上来看,故意设计了一个错误的集合关系。如果反过来,那么则达到了完全不同的效果。但是作为一个错误答案,这是当之无愧的,有针对性的错误答案。
C)psychologists should do everything they can to minimize the number of adults troubled by chronic nightmares.
作为正确选项,放到最后去讨论。
D)Identifying nightmare-prone children is generally more difficult than teaching adults the technique for replacing nightmares with pleasant dreams.
这是我所选择的错误选项。原本的思路,是希望可以解决“为什么需要作出direct effort”这一个点。我认为,这个错误选项其实不是Manhattan中所描述的undermine conclusion。(要么就是我的思路的确和常人不大一样,要么就是Manhattan上的分析并没有考虑我所考虑的这个角度。)然而,这个选项,似乎是lsat选项中的忌讳,大忌讳。因为,这里根本无法起到直接和原论据挂上实质关系的内容。而是需要更多的一层assumption。(在pt60中的某一题,我有明显发现这一个规律,于是成功规避了诱惑选项,而选对了。)
这个assumption是:因为difficult,所以要有 effort。然而,有很多逻辑问题:1)这里用了“more difficult”而原题中没有说到对Y需要more effort。而只是说,direct effort toward。2)effort的原因未必是因为identifying difficult,而identifying difficult也未必是需要effor来解决。至少这两者之间没有明确的叙述,来阐明之间的关系。
E)psychologists should not teach the technique for replacing nightmares with pleasant dreams to children who are unlikely to suffer from nightmares as adults.
这题选项错误得比较明显。原来的意图,似乎是希望借助逆反命题,来营造一个迷惑选项。其实质表达为:if children who are unlikely to suffer from N, then psychologists should not teach … 如果再逆反回来,则是,if spychologist teach ,then children are likely to suffer.这样一看,因果关系就十分明朗:这个因果关系明显颠倒了。
四个错误选项分析完,来看一下正确选项:
C)psychologists should do everything they can to minimize the number of adults troubled by chronic nightmares.
这选项,即使现在来看,依旧迷惑性特别强。因为只字未提children。然而,首先值得肯定的是,这个信息的确是弥合了文中“direct effort”的信息。
如果这句话要放回原文,那么合适的位置,应该成为原文的第二句。X群体有A和B情况,Y群体和X群体特别类似,所以,Y群体有A和B情况。这样来看,其实是很合理的。
分析到这里,会发现,其实自己的逻辑和主流逻辑是一致的,至少说,是可以达到一致的。那么,自己的理解力不存在任何问题,缺少的应该就是更多,更多的训练。
此外,如何在短时间的做题中,能够及时发现这些问题?
再有:意识到自己大脑信息的存储方式:似乎是慢和持久。
脑子里需要多一些RAM,硬盘当然也很重要,但是内存条得锻炼提高。
一来,短时间内的记忆力要进一步锻炼加强,二来,信息要连贯。信息在脑子里处理完后,及时提炼精华,然后表象的东西,每天睡觉断电后,就给抹掉。第二天清清爽爽地迎接新的信息。而大脑深处也总是可以一点点积累着干货。
就沿着这个方向继续努力着。
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